Special Education

Individuals operating as experts in the human resources department have numerous job prospects in the industry. They are either hired as full time employees by firms and industries or they can freelance and be contracted by firms and industries.

Freelance human resource professionals have the freedom to select their work, industry type and the fees they wish to charge. However, the onus of promoting their services and managing their business rests squarely on their shoulders. Thus, these individuals who work as self-employed professionals, not only work for the organization that hires their services, but also work to ensure that their services are always in demand.

The human resources job is a challenging one irrespective of the professional being an organization’s employee or a self-employed professional. The development and execution of human resources & labor policies and adherence to them is their responsibility. Drafting these labor policies is an extremely intricate one and it requires specialized education that teaches one the method and ways of writing policies. To counsel employers and managers on personnel matters is also the normal job of the human resources professional.

It requires skills of a very high order, to be displayed by the human resources professional, to be recognized at work. They should have good oral and written skills as they regularly communicate with others in the workplace. The written skills are particularly important when they are drafting and executing policies since they should not only be accurately written but also easily understood by the personnel for whom it is intended.

The capability to communicate with the employers, managers, and workers effectively is certainly very vital, as the human resources professional often form the bridge between the employers and staff. Good coworker relationships are largely dependent on the ability of the human resource professional to work on these gaps between the workforce and the management.

Employers look for human resources professional, who holds at least the bachelor’s degree in industrial relations, administration, psychology, business, or commerce. As self-employed human resources professional it is essential to have very good experience, and testimonials so that a sound standing can be established in the business sector. Employers also search for human resource professionals who have prior experience in human resources or administration field.

The particular work requirements may vary based on the enterprise or corporation. Every business or corporation usually details the type of work and its related expectations. It is critical that the professional in the area of human resources completely comprehends the nature of business since he will be developing guidelines and policies for that industry.




By: Abhishek Agarwal

Educational/School Psychology in the Pursuit of Human Well-Being

 

 

Introduction

 

            Now we are living in the technological modern world. With the help of science and technology we have developed in all fields. India is a developing country. We have lot of human resources after China. But the literacy rate is very low when compared to other developed and developing countries in the world. India is a rich country, but Indians are poor. With the help of science and technology and by utilizing all sources in the proper way it is possible to India to become a developed country in the world. In the modern world people living with high tension. The student in schools and colleges are also living with high tension because of heavy competitions. It is necessary to introduce psychology as a general subject in all the classes both at school and college levels. Yoga and meditation is also necessary for each and every one in the world.

Definition of Education

Ø      Education is the learning of human souls to what is best, and making what is best out of them?

–        John Ruskin

Ø      Education is a weapon, whose effect depends on who holds it is his hands and at whom it is aimed.

                                                                                                    – Joseph Stalin

The word education is derived from the Latin educare, meaning “to raise”, “to bring up”, “to train”, “to rear”. Education means the gradual process of acquiring knowledge. Education is a preparation for life. Education is also defined as the profession of teaching (especially at a school or college or university).

Importance of Education

India is a union comprised of twenty eight states and seven Territories. The Constitution provides directives regarding the development of education throughout the country. The areas in which the respective central and state governments have domain have been identified in the Constitution as the central list, state list and concurrent list. Until the late 1970s, school education had been on the state list, which meant that states had the final say in the management of their respective school systems. However, in 1976, education was transferred to the concurrent list through a constitutional amendment, the objective being to promote meaningful educational partnerships between the central and state governments. Today, the central government establishes broad education policies for school curricula development and management practices. These serve as guidelines for the states.

 

Generally, at the start of a very young age, children learn to develop and use their mental, moral and physical powers, which they acquire through various types of education. Education is commonly referred to as the process of learning and obtaining knowledge at school, in a form of formal education. However, the process of education does not only start when a child first attends school. Education begins at home. One does not only acquire knowledge from a teacher; one can learn and receive knowledge from a parent, family member and even an acquaintance. In almost all societies, attending school and receiving an education is extremely vital and necessary if one wants to achieve success.

Educational Psychology

Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms “educational psychology” and “school psychology” are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with the processes of educational attainment among the general population and sub-populations such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities

            Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks.

Uses of Educational Psychology

For finding Individual differences and Disabilities

            Each person has an individual profile of characteristics, abilities and challenges that result from learning and development. These manifest as individual differences in intelligence, creativity, cognitive style, motivation, and the capacity to process information, communicate, and relate to others. The most prevalent disabilities found among school age children are attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disability, dyslexia, and speech disorder. Less common disabilities include mental retardation, hearing impairment, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and blindness.

Although theories of intelligence have been discussed by philosophers since Plato, intelligence testing is an invention of educational psychology, and is coincident with the development of that discipline. Continuing debates about the nature of intelligence revolve on whether intelligence can be characterized by a single, scalar factor (Spearman’s general intelligence), multiple factors (as in Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence and Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences), or whether it can be measured at all. In practice, standardized instruments such as the Stanford-Binet IQ test and the WISC are widely used in economically developed countries to identify children in need of individualized educational treatment. Children classified as gifted are often provided with accelerated or enriched programs. Children with identified deficits may be provided with enhanced education in specific skills such as phonological awareness.

 For Social, Moral and Cognitive Developemnt      

To understand the characteristics of learners in childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, educational psychology develops and applies theories of human development. Often cast as stages through which people pass as they mature, developmental theories describe changes in mental abilities (cognition), social roles, moral reasoning, and beliefs about the nature of knowledge.

For example, educational psychologists have researched the instructional applicability of Jean Piaget’s theory of development, according to which children mature through four stages of cognitive capability. Piaget hypothesized that children are not capable of abstract logical thought until they are older than about 11 years, and therefore younger children need to be taught using concrete objects and examples. Researchers have found that transitions, such as from concrete to abstract logical thought, do not occur at the same time in all domains. A child may be able to think abstractly about mathematics, but remain limited to concrete thought when reasoning about human relationships. Perhaps Piaget’s most enduring contribution is his insight that people actively construct their understanding through a self-regulatory process.

Piaget proposed a developmental theory of moral reasoning in which children progress from a naive understanding of morality based on behavior and outcomes to a more advanced understanding based on intentions. Piaget’s views of moral development were elaborated by Kohlberg into a stage theory of moral development. There is evidence that the moral reasoning described in stage theories is not sufficient to account for moral behavior. For example, other factors such as modeling (as described by the social cognitive theory of morality) are required to explain bullying.

Developmental theories are sometimes presented not as shifts between qualitatively different stages, but as gradual increments on separate dimensions. Development of epistemological beliefs (beliefs about knowledge) have been described in terms of gradual changes in people’s belief in: certainty and permanence of knowledge, fixedness of ability, and credibility of authorities such as teachers and experts. People develop more sophisticated beliefs about knowledge as they gain in education and maturity.

Psychology and Teacher

            Teacher is a national builder. He has a power to change the world through education. According to our Indians teacher is a third god. Teacher plays a prominet role in the development of society. Educational Psychology is a main subject in  teacher education at D.Ed., B.Ed., and M.Ed. levels. It is necessary for each and every teacher to know about psychology. Becausse it is necessary to know the behaviour of the students in the class. Teacher has different roles  like father, advisor, councellor, administrator and well wisher. The future of any country is in the hands of teachers. So it is necessary to give importance for teacher education. So our government introduced psychology subject in teacher education curriculum.

After undergoing the course, the student teacher

1)      Explains psychology and its relationship with Education.

2)      Classifies different branches of psychology and explains their significance.

3)      Explains the importance of heredity and environment and its influences in educational process.

4)      Explains the different aspects of the development of the child.

5)      Explains the growth and human beings and their behaviour.

6)      Describes the individual aspects of the development of the child.

7)      Explains the primary needs of the children.

8)      Explains the secondary needs of the children.

9)      Explains the theories of learning and the factors influencing learning.

10)  Explains the concept of socialization.

11)  Explains the different types of learning.

12)  Understands the concept of motivation and the steps to be taken to motivate the children.

13)  Explains attention and its uses.

14)  Develops skill of observation, listening, responding and understanding.

15)  Describes memory, remembering and forgetting and identifies conditions of good memory.

16)  Describes the effects of different methods used for learning process.

17)  Explains thinking process and its uses-perception, conception, apperception for different ages.

18)  Explains the role of creativity and its development.

19)  Explains the meaning of intelligence and understands the changing concept of intelligence.

20)  Enhances personality development of pupils.

21)  Describes the mental hygiene and mental health.

22)  Understands exceptional children and their significance.

23)  Practices guidance and counseling for school pupils.

Conclusion

          Educational psychology is an application of the principles of psychology for effective learning and modification of behaviour on desirable dimensions.  Knowledge of educational psychology makes a teacher effective in motivating the pupils in their learning.  In short it is an inseparable part of strategy in education. Education gives knowledge, wealth and health. Education is a solution for all types of problems in the society. Through education only it is possible overall development of a person in the society. Through education it is easy to know about behavour of the students and persons in the society with the help of psychology. So it is necessary to study psychology all persons in the society in the modern world. Educational Psychology helps the overall development of the student.

References

1. Educational psychology a cognitive view by Asubel, D.P. 

2..Element of educational psychology by Bhatia, H.R. 

3. Psychology applied to teaching by Bichler, R.F. 

4. Educational psychology by Cole, E.C. and Bruce, W.F.

5. http:/ www.google.com

 

 

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By: naraginti amareswaran

, WI – Popular Milwaukee cosmetic dentist, Dental Arts Associates of Milwaukee, is now offering its patients expanded online education resources, helping them to better understand various aspects of dental care.

Dental Arts Associates of Milwaukee is a leading cosmetic dentist in Milwaukee, WI specializing in an array of cosmetic dental services that include, implant dentistry, bridges, veneers, bonding, dentures and teeth whitening, among many others. Patients receive high quality treatment from Dr. Richard Rosen, a recipient of the America’s Top Dentists given by Consumer’s Research Council of America for three years in a row.

“Patients often have questions related to their dental and oral care but don’t always feel comfortable asking them during a dental visit. Our new online education resources allows them to get answers at home while providing them with high quality, accurate information on dental care and procedures,” says Dr. Richard Rosen of Dental Arts Associates of Milwaukee.

The new online patient education resources are an added feature of the firm’s newly upgraded website. The new website for Dental Arts Associates has been developed and designed by premier dental web design company, Officite, the leading provider of websites and marketing solutions for dental practices. In addition to providing creatively designed niche websites for dental practices, Officite also provides other web development and internet marketing solutions in order to maximize the performance of client websites.

“When designing and developing websites for our clients, we always keep in mind what a dental patient would like to see in their dentist’s websites. From the feedback we gathered, we learned that many patients would appreciate extra education about various dental topics. As a result, we are now designing and developing client websites to include educational resources so dental patients can have access to all the information they need,” says Glenn Lombardi, President and CEO of Officite.

As a cosmetic dentist in Milwaukee, Dental Arts Associates is well known among its patients for being innovators in the dental field. The online patient education services on the firm’s website is an excellent new feature that will further enhance the patient experience on the new and improved Dental Arts Associates of Milwaukee website.

About Dental Arts Associates of Milwaukee: Dental Arts Associates of Milwaukee, a leading Milwaukee, WI cosmetic dentist, is operated by Richard L. Rosen, a leading cosmetic dental specialist in the Milwaukee area. Serving his patients from the same location for the past 26 years, Dr. Rosen has a strong commitment toward continuing education and offering his patients outstanding comprehensive dentistry. For three years, he was the recipient of the America’s Top Dentists given by Consumer’s Research Council of America and is also published in the Guide to America’s Top Dentists. Patients of the Dental Arts Associates of Milwaukee receive the highest quality treatment in cosmetic dentistry.

By: Gen Wright